Trustees, presidents and advocacy groups are sharpening guidance on campus expression as federal reviews and policy pressure mount. The Association of Governing Boards hosted discussions with PEN America on how trustees should handle First Amendment issues and institutional autonomy; university presidents are publicly warning that expanded federal scrutiny of campus speech could threaten academic freedom and federal research dollars. The conversation centers on the difference between public and private institutions under the First Amendment and how governing boards can uphold both inclusion and open inquiry.