Federal judges are increasingly at the center of disputes over immigration enforcement on college campuses. A Boston judge signaled plans to issue protections for noncitizen academics who testify about arrests and deportations of pro‑Palestinian activists; the ruling criticized what it termed an “unconstitutional conspiracy” by the administration. Separately, an appeals court reversed a lower‑court order that would have released Columbia graduate and activist Mahmoud Khalil, sending his case back into the immigration process. The litigation highlights tensions between free‑speech claims, immigration procedures, and the role of federal courts in fast‑moving campus enforcement cases.