The Education Department has begun a sweeping reorganization, transferring scores of programs to other federal agencies and signaling a long-term rollback of the department’s operational role. Officials published interagency agreements outlining moves of more than 100 grant programs, with responsibilities shifting to agencies like Labor and Health and Human Services. In a parallel move, the Treasury Department will assume operational control of roughly $180 billion in defaulted student loans as a first phase of a planned migration of loan management out of Education. The transitions are framed as efficiency and accountability measures by administration officials, but they raise legal and operational questions about continuity of service for borrowers, grant recipients, and institutions.