Federal authorities have intensified investigations into college handling of civil‑rights disputes. The Education Department’s Office for Civil Rights found San José State University violated Title IX after allowing a transgender woman to compete on the women’s volleyball team and for allegedly failing to promptly investigate complaints from cisgender athletes; the department proposed a resolution requiring public acknowledgements and individualized apologies to affected athletes. Separately the EEOC told a federal court it believes the University of Pennsylvania has impeded an investigation by publicly campaigning against a subpoena seeking lists of Jewish students and employees, and accused the school of an “intensive and relentless public relations campaign” to avoid compliance. The EEOC says the lists are needed to identify potential victims and witnesses in an antisemitism probe; Penn and academic groups have warned the demand risks privacy and chilling effects on campus speech. Both actions underscore rising federal scrutiny of campus responses to student complaints and the tension between civil‑rights enforcement and institutional privacy. Universities now face possible enforcement agreements, litigation and intensified public debate over how to protect students while complying with federal probes.