The U.S. Supreme Court upheld state laws restricting transgender women and girls from competing on sports teams aligned with their gender identity, and the ruling immediately reframes Title IX implementation for colleges. In West Virginia v. B.P.J., the court held that Title IX allows institutions to provide separate sports teams based on “biological sex.” The justices also found the challenged restrictions were “substantially related” to safety and competitive fairness objectives and did not violate equal protection. The decision is likely to intensify compliance planning across campuses in the 27 states that have adopted transgender-athlete restrictions. Universities may need updated athletics eligibility rules, training for administrators, and revised student-athlete processes consistent with the new interpretation. Public policy and legal observers, including University of Massachusetts Amherst professor Elizabeth Sharrow—who filed an amicus brief—warned that the decision risks narrowing access for a marginalized group under a framework she likened to unacceptable exclusion in other academic contexts.