The Office for Students (OfS), the U.K. higher-education regulator, warned universities could face sanctions if pro-Palestinian campus demonstrations devolve into harassment or discrimination against Jewish students. Arif Ahmed, director for free speech at the OfS, told the BBC that freedom of expression does not include intimidation, harassment or discriminatory conduct and that the regulator "will be prepared to act" if institutions fail to protect students. The comments followed a wave of demonstrations on the second anniversary of the Oct. 7 attacks and came after increased security concerns following violent incidents in the U.K. The OfS has statutory powers including fines, withholding public funding, and revoking degree-awarding powers, which it said could be used if universities breach their duties to protect students from harassment. University leaders now face amplified pressure to balance rights of expression with legal obligations to protect campus communities — a dilemma that has operational and reputational consequences for institutional governance, student services, and campus safety planning.