The U.S. Supreme Court upheld state laws that bar transgender athletes from participating on women’s and girls’ sports teams, ruling that states can use “biological sex” eligibility standards consistent with Title IX’s framework. The decisions stem from cases challenging Idaho and West Virginia laws. Justice Brett Kavanaugh wrote for the majority that Title IX allows schools to provide separate women’s and men’s teams as defined by biological sex. The ruling also addressed constitutional claims under the 14th Amendment’s equal protection framework. The Education Department’s Linda McMahon said the decision protects “equal educational opportunities for women and girls,” while the National Education Association’s Becky Pringle criticized it as harmful to transgender students and potentially inviting broader barriers to access in education. Schools and athletics departments now face continued compliance pressure as state-by-state requirements harden.